AHOUAKAN Ehouman Williams V,Ivory Coast,SRO/WA You're right, especially since one of the recommendations from international bodies, including UNECA, is to increase domestic revenue by broadening the tax base and raising taxes in countries that have not yet reached the optimal tax rate (15%). While this may offer a solution, it is important to realize that African countries have an informal sector that represents between 25% and 65% of their GDP. In countries like the Comoros, this rate goes up to 80%. In this context, the proposed solutions only address a segment of African economies. There may be a need to rethink the African economic model and the structure of our economies by integrating (or at least attempting to integrate) the informal sector into analyses. I believe such an approach would help recover domestic revenues that currently escape the system and allow greater investment in government spending.

LOMPO Aguima Aime Bernard,Burkina Faso,SPORD totally agree

LOMPO Aguima Aime Bernard,Burkina Faso,SPORD Very fine analysis, Bernard. I share your point of view. I don't think it's absolutely necessary, since it's based on the assumption that data trends will continue. But in the event of exogenous or endogenous shocks, this can completely reverse and skew the nature of the data. It is for this reason that the contemporary literature agrees that it is not necessary for the panel to be absolutely cylindrical in order to make estimates. Ref. Nomo et al.(2025) Amba (2024).

LIPEDE Omolola Mary,Nigeria,GPSPD I've been very interested in this subject for the past few years. I think empowerment is a broad and deep concept. To answer your concern, you'd have to know what kind of empowerment you're talking about. If we refer to the work of Nobel Prize Dufflo (2012; 2019) in this field, we understand that empowerment is a multidimensional concept that cannot be analyzed solely from the angle of access to a salary... While the social, economic and political dimensions are often mentioned, I think we need to take into account the cultural environment in which we evolve. For example, can women's empowerment be understood in the same way in Cameroon as in France? Are the contextual and cultural realities the same?

ABNER Martha,Namibia,DES-PS I remain rather skeptical about this reform.

We've gone from the MDGs, which were a failure, to the SDGs, whose rate of achievement is still a long way from expectations with 5 years to go. How can we be sure that such a reform will be effective this time? What's more, one of the objectives of the UN80 initiative is to improve and ensure financial viability. But in view of the Trump administration's new funding and aid policies, the question of financial viability is all the more crucial and urgent. Finally, for the countries of Africa and especially SSA, which are heavily dependent on this aid, what are the alternatives for ensuring operational efficiency and optimizing the allocation of financial resources?