This overview of imputation techniques for panel data is insightful and highlights the importance of addressing missing values to preserve analysis quality. The distinction between single and multiple imputation is clearly articulated, emphasizing that while single imputation is quick, multiple imputation offers a more robust solution. This guidance will be invaluable for users working with Stata to ensure more accurate and reliable results in their analyses.

It’s interesting to reflect on the insights shared during the hybrid Policy and Programme Dialogue. The discussions surrounding taxation management and the issues of tax evasion remain relevant and thought-provoking. Your observations about the need for trust between citizens and governments, as well as the role of technology in enhancing tax systems, continue to be critical as we move forward. Engaging in such conversations is essential for fostering good governance and improving public trust over time.

Do you refer to national level or organisational level crises?

Web scraping is the process of automatically gathering data from webpages. It is extensively utilized for a variety of purposes, including sentiment analysis, market research, and price tracking.

Thank you for sharing this! I love this game.

I managed to result the global warming to 1.87C, of course, did not get to the desired 1.5C but in line with Paris agreement; I managed to keep the world from melting away. am a firm believer that policies that are not people-friendly are not policy-worthy. This helped me in the game and was likewise my woe in this game. So, you have to know when to call the shot, how long it should be, how wide and when not to call it at all. Policymaking and enacting are not piece of cake and indeed as Thomas Sankara said: Governance is not a rocket science.

To combat climate change, we have to take action NOW; not gradual!

Yes, the panic is obvious for the SDGs actualisation! I totally agree with you on rethinking leadership style and likewise the quality of leadership.

SHWEHDY Amged B, Libya, SRO-NA Congratulations on your publication and hope you get to publish many more. Interestingly, I came across a paper whose findings indicate that, when government become more digitized, it positively impacts the growth of the digital service trade. Personally, I have not had an experience publishing, I hope to do that in the future though. However, I have from a colleague who has published several papers that the process is tedious with the long peer review process and can be costly, especially if you want to publish in renown journal.

Traffic Management Solutions: Côte d’Ivoire has actively embraced digitalization to modernize its transport system. With the support of the African Development Bank (AfDB), the country has upgraded its traffic management infrastructure by installing smart traffic lights equipped with sensors. These sensors monitor real-time vehicle flow and automatically adjust signal timings, helping to reduce congestion and minimize the risk of accidents at busy intersections. In addition, the government has deployed over 200 surveillance and traffic cameras across major intersections and expressways. These cameras not only enhance road safety by monitoring traffic violations but also detect vehicle speeds—enabling more effective enforcement of speed limits and contributing to a safer and more efficient urban transport network. Mobility Services (e.g., Uber): over ther we has Yango which is the most used. Besides, we also have Uber, Heetch, Bolt, inDrive Moya Ride. Even though for the rest I don't really know, I think efforts have been made in these areas as well. Côte d’Ivoire is not my origin country but my resident country.

Dear colleagues and fellows,

As many of you closely follow the evolving digital policy landscape, I wanted to share key reflections from the recently adopted Cotonou Declaration on Accelerating Africa’s Digital Transformation, which emerged from the African WSIS+20 Review Summit (May 2025, Benin).

This declaration stands out as one of Africa's most structured, comprehensive, and forward-looking commitments to digital transformation in recent years. Some core elements I believe deserve special attention:

Bridging Infrastructure Gaps: Ambitious targets to achieve 95% broadband coverage in leading countries by 2030, while tackling the persistent issue of high mobile data costs across the continent.

Moving Beyond Digital Access: A shift towards advanced capacity-building, integrating AI, IoT, Big Data, and Quantum Computing into national curricula, addressing both foundational and frontier digital skills.

Strengthening Governance & Regulation: Clear calls for developing adaptive AI governance frameworks, cross-border data harmonisation, and robust cybersecurity standards.

Commitment to Measurable Progress: The introduction of an Africa Digital Performance Index and Ministerial Peer Reviews to ensure transparency, benchmarking, and shared learning across Member States.

Linkage to Global Processes: The Declaration explicitly reinforces Africa’s engagement with WSIS, the IGF, and the GDC, ensuring Africa’s voice remains influential in shaping global digital norms.

In my view, this is not just a declaration, it is a blueprint for operationalising Africa’s digital ambitions, with a heavy emphasis on differentiated targets recognising our continent’s diversity in digital maturity.

I would love to hear your perspectives:

How do you see this Declaration influencing the national and regional policy work you are involved in?

How do you envision Member States and the African Union translating these ambitious targets into concrete action and accountability frameworks?

Are you actively following or contributing to any UN processes related to digital governance (WSIS+20, IGF, Global Digital Compact)?

I believe cross-sharing between these tracks is becoming increasingly essential, and as fellows within the UN ECA community, we are well-positioned to contribute to that dialogue.

Let’s keep this conversation active; Africa's digital future depends on how effectively we move from commitments to coordinated action.

I have worked and participated on climate change related work and research. There are several issues hindering the need for climate change sustainability. For Uganda, there remains minimal comprehensive knowledge about climate change related mechanisms at community level. The usual projects like planting trees, making briquettes, are undertaken on a very small scale. Policy majorly ends in conference rooms and workshops with less to no involvement or operationalization of climate change attributes across affected communities.

Lived realities: For example, Mt. Rwenzori glaciers continue to deplete. The only mountain with snow yet the Equator passes through. It inhabits unique species that continue to go extinct. Yet, due to climate change, and extreme heat, the glaciers are vanishing. During rainy seasons, extreme floods affect Uganda and DRC........

At a small scale, we see restoration of lost species, leveraging bee keeping, and managing population growth. This is a long path to change. But, amidst the different strategies, if we leverage on cross-border climate change interventions, we could push further.

I would suggest that digitization and automation would play a vital role in this - this would surely enhance efficiency. Of-course while that is so, it would also derail on harnessing the demographic dividend due to jobs that would be deemed redundant (laid off) due to automation. At the end of the day, it is an issue of cost-benefit assessments, on what we are willing to let go to achieve the set goals.

Great. Congratulations

There is a whole lot of debate on whether Africa is ready for the all the innovations and digital technologies needed to transform agrifood systems in the continent. The FAO and AU will be discussing the African Union's new Digital Agriculture Strategy. ALI Ibrahim Houssen,Djibouti,ACS you might be particularly interested in joining the conversations with your interests in AI and agriculture. Webinar is on the 12th of June. Register on the link: https://lnkd.in/ehDY_Sh3

I agree with your observation and everyone else's. While we focus on the macro level analyses, my input would be to suggest at also looking at the micro level analyses - to improve mitigation. By doing this, this shoulders the problem of corruption in Africa- where regardless of climate finance that could be made available, the vulnerable rarely benefit from this (ofcourse while bearing the burden of debt repayment arising from climate finance). In my research, i focus on the micro-level, local factors - factors within the reach of the person living under $1.90 a day- that could mitigate the impact of climate shocks toward household level welfare. for example, interested in looking at how incidence and intensity of social networks (relationships within a community) in a rural economy would cushion the impacts of climate shocks on Migration (whether Migration is or is not a problem, is a different issue, for now :) )

Many thanks for your contributions — you're absolutely right. The challenge lies in the fact that domestic revenue mobilization is a long-term process requiring deep structural reforms, such as modernizing tax administrations, broadening the tax base, and reducing informality. In contrast, fiscal consolidation measures are often implemented in the short term, primarily to reassure donors or markets, or to strengthen the credibility of economic authorities.

Do you think this temporal mismatch between the long-term nature of tax reforms and the short-term pressures of consolidation could lead to budget cuts in essential social sectors — sectors that are nonetheless critical for achieving the SDGs?

ALI Ibrahim Houssen,Djibouti,ACS Well articulated! The need for sustainable agricultural practices that address climate change and promote water efficiency cannot be overstated. As we strive to meet the SDGs, it is crucial to recognize that innovative approaches, such as smart irrigation farming systems and water-saving technologies, play a pivotal role in ensuring food security, conserving natural resources, and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

In this digital age, leveraging AI and cutting-edge technology is key to unlocking the full potential of these solutions. AI offers a huge opportunity to optimize irrigation schedules based on real-time weather data, soil moisture levels, plant needs, and improved crop yields. It offers a chance for evidence based decisions and that will help African communities adapt to changing environmental conditions. The interconnectedness of water management, agriculture, climate action, and technology highlights the importance of a holistic and systems-thinking approach in achieving the SDGs.

SOUMTANG BIME Valentine, Cameroon, DES-P Thank you for raising this, your skepticism is not only valid, it’s necessary. Real reform must go beyond ambition to address implementation gaps, financial dependence, and deliver meaningful, lasting change especially for regions like ours or Moreso, the entire continent.

Being at ECA during this pivotal moment, I keep reflecting on what change readiness truly means. Do we, as institutions, have the systems, leadership, and collective will to act differently this time? I look forward to seeing how this journey unfolds and what role we can play in shaping it.